Los límites al crecimiento, el cambio climático y la innovación

The purpose of this article is to analyze what the environment and its’ management represents in terms of social innovation; the restrictions that the environment and planet care imply, the actions that have been adopted, the ways in which the different companies have reacted and what the future still holds. We will present this analysis by using to main examples: on the first hand, the problem concerning the limits to growth; on the other hand, the problem of climate changes. The solutions that are being proposed, from the mitigation, the use of market incentives (prices and taxes), the creation of markets for the rights to pollution, the “geo-engineer” solutions, the impulse for technologic innovation, are all clear examples of the ways in which society is confronting the problem.Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar lo que el medio ambiente y su gestión representa en términos de innovación social; las restricciones que el cuidado del medio ambiente y del planeta plantean, las medidas que se han adoptado, la forma en que las empresas han reaccionado y lo que nos depara todavía el futuro. Lo haremos utilizando dos ejemplos básicos: por un lado, el problema de los Límites al Crecimiento y por otro, el problema del Cambio Climático. Las soluciones que se están proponiendo, desde la mitigación, el uso de incentivos de mercado (precios e impuestos), creación de mercados de derechos de contaminación, soluciones “geo-ingeniereles”, impulso a la innovación tecnológica son claros exponentes de la forma en que la sociedad está enfrentándose al problema

Hallazgo de la traducción perdida del "Orlando furioso" (1604) de Gonzalo de Oliva, ms 000.029 de la Biblioteca de la Universidad de Navarra, y comparación con las otras traducciones contemporáneas

El presente artículo tiene por objeto dar a conocer el hallazgo de un manuscrito perdido que contiene una traducción áurea del Orlando furioso. A la vista del panorama de circulación del poema de Ariosto en español durante el Siglo de Oro, ofreceremos una descripción codicológica del manuscrito, señalaremos la procedencia de los diversos paratextos que lo integran, lo compararemos con las otras traducciones áureas del texto –centrándonos en la de Jiménez de Urrea–, incidiremos en la tarea de reescritura llevada a cabo sobre él, y, por último, enjuiciaremos el valor que esta traducción tiene tanto para los estudiosos del Siglo de Oro como para cualquier lector.The purpose of this article is to announce the finding of a lost manuscript that contains a 17th century Spanish translation of the Orlando furioso. Considering the circulation of Ariosto’s poem in Spain during this period, we offer a codicological description of the manuscript, we indicate the origin of the various paratexts that make it up, we compare it with the other golden translations of the text –focusing on the one of Jiménez de Urrea–, we focus on the task of rewriting carried out on it, and, finally, we judge the value that this translation has for both the Golden Age scholars and for any reader

Nonsense mutations in alpha-II spectrin in three families with juvenile onset hereditary motor neuropathy

Distal hereditary motor neuropathies are a rare subgroup of inherited peripheral neuropathies hallmarked by a length-dependent axonal degeneration of lower motor neurons without significant involvement of sensory neurons. We identified patients with heterozygous nonsense mutations in the alpha II-spectrin gene, SPTAN1, in three separate dominant hereditary motor neuropathy families via next-generation sequencing. Variable penetrance was noted for these mutations in two of three families, and phenotype severity differs greatly between patients. The mutant mRNA containing nonsense mutations is broken down by nonsense-mediated decay and leads to reduced protein levels in patient cells. Previously, dominant-negative alpha II-spectrin gene mutations were described as causal in a spectrum of epilepsy phenotypes

Sequential ring-closing metathesis-vinyl halide Heck cyclization reactions: access to the tetracyclic ring system of ervitsine

A chemoselective indole-templated ring-closing metathesis is used to assemble the cyclohepta[b]indole substructure of the indole alkaloid ervitsine. A subsequent intramolecular Heck coupling of the resulting alkene functionality with an amino-tethered vinyl halide accomplishes the closure of the unique 2- azabicyclo[4.3.1]decane framework of the alkaloid with concomitant incorporation of the exocyclic Eethylidene substituent

Rapid Synthesis of the Ervitsine Alkaloid Skeleton by a Sequential RCM-Heck Cyclization Approach

An efficient approach to the bridged framework of the indole alkaloid ervitsine, featuring a ring-closing metathesis reaction from a 2,3-disubstituted indole followed by a vinyl halide Heck cyclization upon the resulting cycloheptene ring, is described

Facile synthesis of azocino[4,3-b]indoles by ring-closing metathesis

The azocino[4,3-b]indole system, tricyclic substructure of the indole alkaloids apparicine and ervaticine, is efficiently assembled by ring-closing metathesis of 2-allyl-3-(allylaminomethyl)indoles. The metathesis sites are introduced into the indole nucleus by reductive amination of a 3-formyl derivative with allylamine, followed by a-lithiation with subsequent electrophilic trapping with acrolein

Regional brain atrophy in gray and white matter is associated with cognitive impairment in Myotonic Dystrophy type 1

Background: Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a slowly progressive myopathy characterized by varying multisystemic involvement. Several cerebral features such as brain atrophy, ventricular enlargement, and white matter lesions (WMLs) have frequently been described. The aim of this study is to investigate the structural organization of the brain that defines the disease through multimodal imaging analysis, and to analyze the relation between structural cerebral changes and DM1 clinical and neuropsychological profiles. Method: 31 DM1 patients and 57 healthy controls underwent an MRI scan protocol, including T1, T2 and DTI. Global gray matter (GM), global white matter (WM), and voxel-level Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) and voxel-level microstructural WM abnormalities through Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) were assessed through group comparisons and linear regression analysis with age, degree of muscular impairment (MIRS score), CTG expansion size and neuropsychological outcomes from a comprehensive assessment. Results: Compared with healthy controls, DM1 patients showed a reduction in both global GM and WM volume; and further regional GM decrease in specific primary sensory, multi-sensory and association cortical regions. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was reduced in both total brain and regional analysis, being most marked in frontal, paralimbic, temporal cortex, and subcortical regions. Higher ratings on muscular impairment and longer CTG expansion sizes predicted a greater volume decrease in GM and lower FA values. Age predicted global GM reduction, specifically in parietal regions. At the cognitive level, the DM1 group showed significant negative correlations between IQ estimate, visuoconstructive and executive neuropsychological scores and both global and regional volume decrease, mainly distributed in the frontal, parietal and subcortical regions. Conclusions: In this study, we describe the structural brain signatures that delineate the involvement of the CNS in DM1. We show that specific sensory and multi-sensory — as well as frontal cortical areas — display potential vulnerability associated with the hypothesized neurodegenerative nature of DM1 brain abnormalities

Total Synthesis of the Brdged Indole Alkaloid Apparicine

An indole-templated ring-closing metathesis or a 2-indolylacyl radical cyclization constitute the central steps of two alternative approaches developed to assemble the tricyclic ABC substructure of the indole alkaloid apparicine. From this key intermediate, an intramolecular vinyl halide Heck reaction accomplished the closure of the strained 1-azabicyclo[4.2.2]decane framework of the alkaloid with concomitant incorporation of the exocyclic alkylidene substituents